基本信息
| 标准名称： | 给水排水管道工程及验收规范 |
| 英文名称： | Code for construction and acceptance of water supply and sewerage pipelines |
| 中标分类： |
工程建设 >>
给水、排水工程 >>
建筑给水、排水工程 |
| 替代情况： | 被GB 50268-2008代替 |
| 发布部门： | 国家技术监督局中华人民共和国建设部 |
| 发布日期： | 1997-10-05 |
| 实施日期： | 1998-05-01 |
| 首发日期： | 1900-01-01 |
| 作废日期： | 2009-05-01 |
| 提出单位： | 中华人民共和国建设部 |
| 归口单位： | 中华人民共和国建设部 |
| 起草单位： | 北京市市政工程局 |
| 起草人： | 王登镛、许其昌、石志圻、戚伏波 |
| 出版社： | 中国标准出版社 |
| 出版日期： | 2004-11-25 |
| 页数： | 102页 |
| 书号： | 15112.8755 |
适用范围
本规范适用于城镇和工业区的室外给水排水管道工程的施工及验收。
前言
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目录
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引用标准
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所属分类： 工程建设 给水 排水工程 建筑给水 排水工程
【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforNormalSpectralEmittanceatElevatedTemperaturesofNonconductingSpecimens
【原文标准名称】:升温时非传导样品的正常光谱发射的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTME423-1971(2008)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1971
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E21.04
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:emittance;infraredemittance;materialradiativeproperty;radiativeheattransfer;spacecraftthermalcontrol;spectralnormalemittance;thermalradiation
【摘要】:Thesignificantfeaturesaretypifiedbyadiscussionofthelimitationsofthetechnique.Withthedescriptionandarrangementgiveninthefollowingportionsofthistestmethod,theinstrumentwillrecorddirectlythenormalspectralemittanceofaspecimen.However,thefollowingconditionsmustbemetwithinacceptabletolerance,orcorrectionsmustbemadeforthespecifiedconditions.Theeffectivetemperaturesofthespecimenandblackbodymustbewithin1Kofeachother.Practicallimitationsarise,however,becausethetemperatureuniformitiesareoftennotbetterthanafewkelvins.Theopticalpathlengthinthetwobeamsmustbeequal,or,preferably,theinstrumentshouldoperateinanonabsorbingatmosphere,inordertoeliminatetheeffectsofdifferentialatmosphericabsorptioninthetwobeams.Measurementsinairareinmanycasesimportant,andwillnotnecessarilygivethesameresultsasinavacuum,thustheequalityoftheopticalpathsfordual-beaminstrumentsbecomesverycritical.Note48212;Verycarefulopticalalignmentofthespectrophotometerisrequiredtominimizedifferencesinabsorptancealongthetwopathsoftheinstrument,andcarefuladjustmentofthechoppertimingtoreducex201C;cross-talkx201D;(theoverlapofthereferenceandsamplesignals)aswellasprecautionstoreducestrayradiationinthespectrophotometerarerequiredtokeepthezerolineflat.Withthebestadjustment,thex201C;100%linex201D;willbeflattowithin3%.Front-surfacemirroropticsmustbeusedthroughout,exceptfortheprisminprismmonochromators,anditshouldbeemphasizedthatequivalentopticalelementsmustbeusedinthetwobeamsinordertoreduceandbalanceattenuationofthebeamsbyabsorptionintheopticalelements.ItisrecommendedthatopticalsurfacesbefreeofSiO2andSiOcoatings:MgF2maybeusedtostabilizemirrorsurfacesforextendedperiodsoftime.Theopticalcharacteristicsofthesecoatingsarecritical,butcanberelaxedifallopticalpathsarefixedduringmeasurementsortheincidentanglesarenotchangedbetweenmodesofoperation(during0%line,100%line,andsamplemeasurements).Itisrecommendedthatallopticalelementsbeadequatelyfilledwithenergy.Thesourceandfieldaperturesofthetwobeamsmustbeequalinordertoensurethatradiantfluxinthetwobeamscomparedbytheapparatuswillpertaintoequalareasofthesourcesandequalsolidanglesofemission.Insomecasesitmaybedesirabletodefinethesolidangleofthesourceandsamplewhencomparingalternativemeasurementtechniques.Theresponseofthedetector-amplifiersystemmustvarylinearlywiththeincidentradiantflux,ormustbecalibratedforlinearity,andcorrectionsmadeforobserveddeviationsfromlinearity.1.1Thistestmethoddescribesanaccuratetechniqueformeasuringthenormalspectralemittanceofelectricallynonconductingmaterialsinthetemperaturerangefrom1000to1800K,andatwavelengthsfrom1to35x03BC;m.Itisparticularlysuitableformeasuringthenormalspectralemittanceofmaterialssuchasceramicoxides,whichhaverelativelylowthermalconductivityandaretranslucenttoappreciabledepths(severalmillimetres)belowthesurface,butwhichbecomeessentiallyopaqueatthicknessesof10mmorless.1.2Thistestmethodrequiresexpensiveequipmentandratherelaborateprecautions,butproducesdatathatareaccuratetowithinafewpercent.Itisparticularlysuitableforresearchlaboratories,wherethehighestprecisionandaccuracyaredesired,andisnotrecommendedforroutineproductionoracceptan......
【中国标准分类号】:V10
【国际标准分类号】:49_025_01
【页数】:9P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语